Cell phones cause a cancer risk Essay Sample

Cell phones cause a cancer risk Essay Sample The 1990s were the years when people started using mobile phones. The number of active users was growing with every year. People spent more and more time holding a phone in hands or near the ear. Adults and children spend a lot of time next to the cell devices today that make the whole picture of using various gadgets completely different from the one that we could observe ten years ago. The concern about the fact that cell phones cause cancer appeared because mobile devices produce energy that is called radio-frequency signal or RF. People feel worried about the future of their health the future life of their kids as it’s hard to imagine a family that doesn’t have a phone. Is there any risk of having a brain tumor because of using the gadget? Myths and legends make people look for scientific proves that give the right answer to this question. Do mobile phones cause cancer? Smartphones work the same way as all the other mobile devices that you can find in any store. As we all know, there are various types of signals like microwaves, FM waves or X-rays. Every type of signal has its strength and the level of influence on the human’s body. The signals produced by a phone are similar to the FM signals that are called as non-ionizing emission. It means they are not so powerful to change the DNA of a cell and cause disease because of it. We know that UV waves and X-rays can change the DNA parts and cause serious problems with health. They belong to an opposite group of waves that are called ionizing emission. If we take a closer look at the work of microwaves, we will notice that these waves can heat the food that we put inside of it. If we use the RF signals at a high level for a long time, it will produce the same effect on the cells that are located close to the phone. Harmful effects of mobile phones Every cell phone has an antenna that is hidden inside the body of the gadget. The level of emission is the highest inside the device and it falls down together with the distance. The close and longer we hold the gadgets near head the more we are exposed to the RF emission. Of course, there are some things that influence the level of emission perceived by human cells such as: Period of time; Miles to the device; Miles to the closest tower; Number of active users per a tower; Model of the device. The conclusion here is easy for understanding. There are reliable cell phone radiation facts today. The more and the closer the phone is near our heads the more radiation our cells receive. We won’t become hot like a sausage in the microwave, but we will influence the work of the cells anyhow. The dangers of cell phones There’s a special measure that can calculate the amount of radiation received by the cells of the human body. It’s called the specific absorption rate or SAR. Cell phone radiation levels differ from model to model. All the manufacturers are obliged to inform their buyers about the highest SAR level produced by their gadgets. The limit is 1,6 W/kg for the gadgets sold on the territory of the US. It’s dangerous to buy a device that doesn’t have this information. Considering these figures as a norm is not a good idea. Every manufacturer states the maximum limit that can be reached in specific situations. Cell phones and cancer are the terms as are considered to be synonyms for some people. There’s no urgent need to panic without a thorough investigation of what the real influence of devices is. Cell phone radiation effects on human body All the experiments that were conducted in laboratories proved that cell phone radiation effects are neutral. Animals didn’t suffer from any kind of tumor in any part of the body after active absorption of RF emission. There are no proofs besides the rumors that RF emission can hurt the cells of a human body. Of course, no one will ever experiment with humans to check if it’s true for 100%, but the supposition is based on the lab experiment with animals. Can you get cancer from cell phone?

Freedom of Media Big Brother and 1984 Essay - 898 Words

In 1949, George Orwell wrote one of the most influential and relevant scientific fiction books of modern time. The book critiques the rule of totalitarian governments using subtle and not so subtle satire. The book reveals the dangers of a government gaining too much power over its citizens. The government can abuse its abundance of authority by controlling all of the media available to the citizens. In 1984, Orwell fears government control of media because it helped brainwash and control the citizens in Nazi Germany and the USSR and today it continues to inhibit free will and thought in areas such as China and Russia. Several times throughout 1984, Orwell emphasizes the dangers of the government having total control of the media. The†¦show more content†¦There were various events that instigated Orwell’s fear of the government having total control of the media. In the few years before the writing of 1984, World War II occurred. During this time, censorship was imple mented in Germany by the Nazi Propaganda Ministry. The Ministry â€Å"took control of all forms of communication in Germany: newspapers, magazines, books, public meetings, and rallies, art, music, movies, and radio (United States Memorial Museum).† The regulation/censorship of all media in Germany restricts the freedom of thought and information for all citizens. This allows the government to control what the people see, which directly influences what they will think and act about, especially if they have no access to any other media. Orwell’s fears were also exposed in the satellite states of the USSR, especially in Lithuania from 1940-1989 in which a bibliocide was active (Newth). The bibliocide in Lithuania consisted of numerous libraries and other books that didn’t support the ideals of the USSR being burned downed and destroyed. This destruction and censorship of any idea or thought that does not support the ruling government can be very harmful. Without a ny other sources the citizens will be much more likely to believe whatever information the government feeds them and they will be unable to formulate their own thoughts and opinions. The thought of the citizens being unable toShow MoreRelatedThe Real-Life Counterparts of 1984s Oceania Essay1616 Words   |  7 Pages Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin are household names, but what about the more obscure individuals Muammar Qaddafi, Xi Jinping, and Kim Jong-un? George Orwell used 1984 as a prediction of what could happen if the fascism in Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia persisted. The dystopian, fascist government that exists in 1984 resembles the governments in the real-life, modern-day countries of Libya, China, and North Korea. 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However, the fear that this imaginery person/ organizationRead MoreCensorship, Media Manipulation, And Betrayal957 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Orwell’s novel, 1984, he incorporates the major themes of censorship, media manipulation, and betrayal. The citizens of Oceania are constantly bombarded with different forms of propaganda, including the posters stating â€Å"BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING† and the Party’s slogans, â€Å"WAR IS PEACE, FREEDOM IS SLAVERY, and IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH.† Giant telescreens constantly run streams of propaganda in hopes of making the Party appear superior to the Brotherhood. According to Big Brother, sexual interactionsRead MoreA Warning And Precaution For The Future By George Orwell1405 Words   |  6 PagesAs a warning and precaution for the future, George Orwell wrote 1984 so future generations could stop the corruption that comes with conformity. Despite this forewarning, it seems as if we are entering an era that has many parallels with the setting of 1984, if not we are pretty close to living that way. With Big Brother constantly monitoring the residents and a face posted everywhere watching citizens every move and sound, the residents of Oceania experience a similar yet more extreme situationRead More George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment presented in George Orwell’s 1984 apply not only to the Party, but also to the Stalinist Russia of the 1930’s. Frightening similarities exist between these two bodies which both started out as forms of government, and then mutated into life-controlling political organizations which â€Å"subordinated all institutions and classes under one supreme power† (Buckler 924). Orwell sho ws how such a system can impose its will on the people through manipulation of media, constant supervision as aided by technologyRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Dystopian City Of London1464 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough the principles of freedom, rights, and democracy. Yet the sword is also the ammunition, the driving force for ethnocentrism, ignorance, and domination. 1984, by George Orwell, pictured in the dystopian city of London in Oceania, follows the rebellious and perplexing life of Winston Smith. Orwell’s works are often expositions of controversial propaganda, and 1984 is no anomaly, following the chronicles of Smith’s vulnerability to the propaganda of the Big Brother and the Party. The unscrupulousRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984 1045 Words   |  5 PagesAndrea Keefe Honors English 11, Period 3 VanCuran 3/27/2017 1984 Foreword The time period in which 1984 was set was in the year 1984. It was very different from what our â€Å"1984† was like. Even though this book was not based on actual historical events, it does compare to things that happen in our society today. George Orwell also known as Eric Blair was born in 1903 in Motihari, Bengal. Orwell died on January 21st, 1950 in London, UnitedRead MoreIntroduction. 1984 Is One Of OrwellS Most Famous Masterpieces,1267 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction 1984 is one of Orwell s most famous masterpieces, and it is a work of opposition to totalitarianism. As a political allegory, 1984 is also Orwell’s last work, which is with his greatest efforts. On the basis of his own experience, Orwell combines reality and 1984 closely, in order to give people a sense of reality. In the book, the description of anti Utopia reflects Orwell s concern about the political trend of the whole human society. His political thinking is summed up in this book

Inspiring Essay Topics Explained

Inspiring Essay Topics Explained Inspiring Essay Topics Ideas There are various elements of an essay you must understand how to write, and the way to compose the well. For the reason, here are a list of fifteen unique titles that may allow you to get started. While the ideas might not be just what you're searching for, it's possible they may still help to inspire you to consider something nice and relevant for your own work. A time once you received help from a comprehensive stranger 33. Together with helping think of great topic ideas, by reading over prewritten samples it may also help to inspire great ideas for what content to have in your own essay. Therefore, the topic you select plays a very important function. Explaining how to spend less by utilizing open-source texts and internet textbook rental websites would result in an extremely informative essay. It's often advisable to write about topics you know. The multiple topics could be found, for instance, in the dissertation abstracts international database. Now you are prepared to produce your very own argumentative topics. Fortunately, appropriate and intriguing topics will motivate students to overcome these skill-related hurdles so they're in a position to write about the subject. It is crucial that the essay doesn't appeal to the writer alone. The essay is just one of the important approaches it's possible to distinguish yourself. You've got to compose an informative essay. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. Always think deeply about the way to make a fantastic essay structure it's a significant part academic writing. Below is a list of the best 15 amazing essay topics that is likely to make your writing joyful and effortless. Without an essay outline, it would be hard to recall the necessary sections, arguments, logical stream of essay, and general structure. You must be very careful when choosing an essay topic. Writing a superb persuasive essay is not an easy job, however, it's achievable. Selecting an essay topic can be tough to do, especially in the event that you lack the inspiration which you need in order to locate a wonderful title to write to. Essay Writing Guide Here's an excellent app that is regarded as the encyclopedia in teaching. To compose an outstanding essay, it's important to use specific academic language. What You Need to Do About Inspiring Essay Topics Starting in the Next Eight Minutes At any time you catch yourself feeling captivated by an individu essay or article, take a good look at it. You are able to even incorporate a quote by a renowned person to generate an even greater impression on your teacher. Perhaps you've exhausted your older idea lists, or perhaps you're searching for something even more inspiring. Well, funny as it might sound, the answer has been right before you! What You Should Do to Find Out About Inspiring Essay Topics Before You're Left Behind Your essay might incorporate the factors for teen pregnancy and talk about the recent rates of teen pregnancy and potential solutions. Popper food in our everyday life results in a lifetime habit toward a healthier extended life. By comparison, countless studies have proven that people are much better motivated by using positive feedback. The selection of the object, strength and caliber of attachment mostly depend on parents behavior connected to their infant. The Hidden Treasure of Inspiring Essay Topics When prior brainstorming is finished, you might begin drafting your essay. Quite simply, you have to inspire your employees. The procedure is a particular succession of events. If there's absolutely no feedback whatsoever, employees become complacent. New Ideas Into Inspiring Essay Topics Never Before Revealed Therefore, such an essay is a favorite at different phases of school and college education. You should have your reasons, and our principal concern is that yo u wind up getting an excellent grade. The solution can be found in the simple fact your tutor want to teach you to develop your analytical and argumentative skills. As a teacher having students that are masters in essay writing is a central goal.

Substitution and Income Effects of the Working Tax Credit on Labour Supply Free Essays

Labour essay: Having considered the implications for the WTC, we can now analyse the effects of the policy on labour supply by determining the substitution and income effects. It’s clear that the effect of the working tax credit on work behaviour depends upon how much a worker is currently working. To analyse these effects we will only look at one type of individual; a lone parent in the labour force. We will write a custom essay sample on Substitution and Income Effects of the Working Tax Credit on Labour Supply or any similar topic only for you Order Now This will simplify our analysis such that we can divide the diagram below into 3 sections and describe the effects separately. draw:frame} Figure 1: Diagram showing how the imposition of the WTC affects the individuals labour supply decision When the lone parent is either not working at all, or working less than 16 hours (Labelled A in the diagram), her current wage rate and therefore income is unaffected by the WTC. This is simply because they have not yet received any tax credit and therefore have no added incentives to work. However, if they work over16 hours, the programme will raise their overall take home wage as they receive a lump sum payment, shown by the first vertical blue line. Therefore, at this low level of work, there is a very small, or 0, income effect, and a positive substitution effect, thus increasing the individual’s labour supply. These effects are the same as would be under an increase in the wage rate, shown diagrammatically in Figure 2. {draw:frame} Figure 2: Diagram showing the effects of a wage increase The movement around the original indifference curve from A to C is the substitution effect; this arises due the change in price of leisure relative to hours of work, holding utility as constant. As the wage rate has increased the opportunity cost of leisure opposed to work has risen. The substitution effect encourages the worker to decrease his hours of leisure. The movement from C to B donates the income effect illustrating the workers response to an increase in real income. Overall, the substitution effect dominates the income effect and therefore increases labour supply from L1 to L2. There is also the possibility that the income effect may overpower the substitution effect resulting in a decrease in the supply of labour. However, this depends on the position of the indifference curves, hence the worker’s preferences for work and leisure. On the other hand, it is unlikely at this low wage rate for the worker to choose leisure over the opportunity to earn a higher wage. Section ‘C’ of our WTC diagram shows the area at which an individual works more than 30 hours. The worker’s net income is now higher at this point, however the worker’s marginal wage is lower which is demonstrated by the gradient of the WTC line being shallower than gradient of the No WTC line. The Substitution and Income effects here are the same as would be with a decrease in wage. Both the Income and substitution effects work together to reduce the amount of labour; shown in Figure 3: {draw:frame} Figure 3: Diagram showing the effects of a wage decrease The substitution effect is shown by the movement around the old indifference curve, from A to C. The income effect is shown by the movement from A to B. Although the substitution effect is stronger, both effects work together to reduce the hours of work from L1 to L3. Lastly, section ‘B’ represents the area at which an individual works between 16 and 30 hours. Here, the effects of the WTC on labour supply are much more complex. Despite the gradient of the WTC line being the same as section C, this time there is the possibility of increasing work to above 30 hours and receiving the additional payment. This therefore results in lone parents bunching around the 16 and 30 hour marks in order to gain the greatest benefit from the WTC payment. Some will therefore substitute leisure for work and work longer hours to gain the additional bonus at 30 hours, whilst others will choose to forgo work for leisure and be content with the benefit of working over 16 hours. How to cite Substitution and Income Effects of the Working Tax Credit on Labour Supply, Papers

Understanding Greek Cultures Influence on Democratic Ideas

Introduction The Greek culture shaped the Western thinking and culture as its influence is felt in almost every aspect of human life from medicine, law, art, architecture to science (Noble, 2008). The Greeks, for example, invented geometry as they used it to make sense of the world and specifically to measure distance.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Understanding Greek Culture’s Influence on Democratic Ideas specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In everything, Greeks were challenged to define the problem, research it and use some mathematical construct to explain it. Their discovery and use of geometry helped them to create navigational diagrams and maps for trade routes, become master architectures and building and modeling geniuses. This is said by Tarnas, (1991) to have shaped the Western culture of syllogisms, logic and duality principles among others. Also, in the Greek culture is the rise of ind ividuals who shaped the thought process of the world. Socrates, Aristotle and Plato, laid the ground for the majority of modern philosophical thought, questioning and scientific methodology. In his philosophy, Socrates taught about relaying heavily on sense as a primary data gathering method while Plato and Aristotle stressed on knowledge and scientific experimentation together with sensory data and logic as the critical methods of conducting an inquiry and rationalization. The most distinctive influence on the Western culture is the rise and development of democracy. The rise of democratic values and institutions was as a result of measured transformation in the principles guiding distribution of power. It is the Greeks that came up with the idea of a government that is answerable to the governed, civil liberties and trial by jury. The civil liberties and studies on humans were the cornerstone of ancient Greeks’ culture. This sense of liberty and independence both as individ uals and collectively encouraged their endeavors in philosophy, politics and science (Spielvogel, 2010). Democracy in the modern world is described by Spielvogel, (2010) as several related forms of government with a fundamental feature of a government based on majority rule and put in power through the consent of the governed.Advertising Looking for research paper on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is also based on the principles of existence of free and fair elections, protection of the minority, preservation of human rights, equality of all in the face of law, following the due process and political pluralism. This modern view of democracy traces its origin to the ancient Greeks, Romans and South Asia and has spread throughout the world with many nations claiming to adhere to its principles. This has led to a lot of diversity in the concept of democracy making it extremely difficult to define. It does no t, however, apply only to the political state but also in other groups and organizations. In order to understand the Greek culture’s influence to the way Western Europe idea of democracy, the discussion will touch on the history of Greece and the rise of democracy and the influence of Greek philosophy on religion and Western thought and culture (Tarnas, 1991). The history of Greece Ancient Greece There is not much recorded history of early Greece leading this period to be called the Dark Age of Ancient Greece. The first inhabitants built their settlements along the shores of Greece where they depended on trade and supplies on the Aegean Sea. The Greeks travelled, traded and interacted with many people from different cultures where they learned agriculture and various techniques of metalwork. This interaction led to development of communities such as Aegeans with their center in Crete, Achaeans with their center in Mycenae and the Pelasgians. During the 2500 BC period, the Aeg eans dominated the region, but around 1400 BC, a volcanic eruption destroyed the island Minoan Thera east of Crete which disrupted Minoan functionality and influence and later they were absorbed by the Mycenaean Greeks (Gress, 1998). The settlements eventually changed into city-states or poleis which were governed by a council and a king. This structure was unstable due to kings changing to tyrants to their own subjects. The aristocratic people composed of mostly of landowners comprised the council leaving the majority of the people unrepresented in the system which led to uprisings (Gress, 1998).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Understanding Greek Culture’s Influence on Democratic Ideas specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The beginning of the Olympic Games around 776 BC marked the start of a Greek culture and the Archaic Period of Greece where the Greek culture was significantly shaped by the forei gn culture. The art works began to explore the human figures and mythology which reached a climax during the Classical Period at around 500 BC during which the art, philosophy and literature that came to influence the world’s societies were at their peak (Noble, 2008). The period between 490 BC and 197 BC, Greece experienced many wars, which it worn and lost others, and periods when tyranny and democracy were experienced. In 490 BC, Persian Wars against Greece began led by Darius the Great of Thrace. Greece worn this round but, another one waged in 480BC by Xerxes crushed Athens and the third one, Greece managed to defeat the Persians at Salamis. By 461 BC, Athens had fully democratic governance, which Sparta saw as a threat to their aristocratic rule, and invaded Athens in the start of the Peloponnesian Wars between Sparta and Athenians. Athens emerged victorious and a truce was called with Sparta, and a peace treaty signed with Persia. In the second Peloponnesian War, Athen s lost and the Thirty Tyrants took over Athens and later killed Socrates (Noble, 2008). In 3359 BC, Philip II rose to power as Macedon king and took control of the Greek Peninsula including the competing Thebes, Athens, and Sparta powers. At his assassination in 336 BC, his son Alexander the Great took over the kingdom and later conquered and occupied Egypt and the entire Persian Empire and divided the whole kingdom into three regions: Ptolemic Egypt, Antigonid Macedonia and Seleucid Syria. Alexander later died unexpectedly and the kingdoms started conflicts with one another, disabling each other which marked the Greek downfall to Roman Empire, and incorporated Greek culture with its own. The period after Alexander’s death is called the Hellenistic Age (Noble, 2008).Advertising Looking for research paper on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Classical and Hellenistic World During the Classical Greece period, Greece culture was built on the earlier regional civilizations of Middle East, Egypt, Crete and Mycenae. Invaders from the other parts of Asia and Europe were absorbed and Greek-speakers spread around the Aegean Sea which saw Greek culture, and politics spread widely in Middle East, North Africa and Southern Europe and later societies (Noble, 2008). Greek civilization was centered on small communities with Crete and Mycenae heritage and, which had been majorly influenced by Indo-European culture especially the polytheistic religion that gave rise to societal cultural values. Trade at the eastern Mediterranean flourished due to the introduction of coined money. This resulted into increased wealth, which triggered growth in population and social change, that led to new political structures. This was followed by adoption of the Phoenician alphabet to write the Greek language and in turn spread of literacy. With the spr ead of literacy, commercial and cultural interactions were tremendously encouraged. The Iliad and the Odyssey were written down, where they formed the foundation of the Hellenic culture. Architecture, building and modeling, was enhanced while artistic forms such as sculpture started displaying a more pragmatic depiction of the human body and pottery showed human activity. The city-state politics From 800 B.C.E governance units were based on city-state or polis polities which were different in size but comprised of a city and its agricultural hinterland. They were governed by landowning aristocrats who emerged from the Indo-European warriors with the help of a council of free farmer citizens. Commercial expansion and the development of specialized commercial agriculture became a threat to the aristocratic rule and constantly challenged the situation. With increased wealth, the difference among the haves and the haves not grew wider and by the 6th century B.C.E pressure groups in urba n, commercial centers and dispossessed farmers wanted change. The tyrants also got a lot of support in their challenge to the aristocratic class interests while reformers such as Solon of Athens worked hard to formulate laws to govern economic relationships. Moreover, democratization of the military service by qualified citizens fuelled the need for reforms. By 500 B.C.E, many polis had adopted the principles of loyalty to the governed as opposed to an individual ruler. This led to widespread participation of public life by male citizens (Spielvogel, 2010). Athens was the first to emerge as a democratic polis and adopted Solon’s reforms though some problems still existed. The rise to power of Cleisthenes saw the establishment of a council elected by all citizens which was the sovereign authority. Also, citizens served as jurors and formed the army and government officials were chosen by lot and answerable to the assembly. However, adult women, slaves and foreigners did not ha ve political rights as it is today; also aristocratic class still retained excessive importance. The political style, however, gave a lot of importance to individual participation, a centralized system and formal laws (Duiker Spielvogel, 2010). In order to relieve the building population pressure, seek grain supplies and markets for Greek products, many polis established colonies along the coast of the Mediterranean and Black Seas. This is well much like what Western European countries such as Britain and Spain did during the colonization of the Americas and Africa as Noble, (2008) says. The Olympics Games and recognition of the oracle of Delphi acted as the few activities in which the polis cooperated in. They also united and maintained their independence during the Persian invasion in which they defeated Persia. Athens emerged as dominant city-state through an alliance, Delian League where valuable resources were amassed and which triggered conflicts and political divisions. The conflicts together with a disastrous plague led to the fall of Athens and the dominance of city-state. The expansion of the Greek empire to Egypt and Middle East by Alexander the great and his father lasted a short period but managed to expand the influence of Greek culture to many regions. He encouraged intermarriages between Greek speaking people and the local women in the conquered lands, spread Greek officials throughout these lands and founded centers of Greek scholarship. After the death of Alexander, Greek officials remained in these states and became state officials and merchants solidifying the influence of Greek culture and the resulting to new intellectual framework of the much of the civilized world (Tarnas, 1991). Democracy and personal freedom as a culture propagated by the Greeks are shown in its religion according to Gress, (1998). The Greeks did not establish a major religion in their development like the Chinese and the Indians but embraced a pantheon of wild gods and goddesses who intervened in the human life and activities. These were mainly borrowed from Indo-European cultures but only adopted them with a human-centered approach. Everybody was free to adopt or worship the gods of their choice. The lack of spiritual passion is said by Duiker Spielvogel, (2010) to be the cause of the development of alternative â€Å"mystery† religions which the people adopted to gratify their needs. This also created a vacuum in the ethical thought which eventually Greek thinkers to establish a separate philosophical system. It is this effort to understand phenomena through coherent observation that gave rise to the character of Greek and Hellenistic culture, that of a questioning and experimental and discovering culture. Philosophers such as Socrates, Stoics and Aristotle, gave thoughts on morality, balancing religious and political orders, moral independence and political structures among others. The geopolitical position of Greece favored spread o f its culture Duiker Spielvogel, (2010) says that the rise of Greece as the epicenter of western thought, and culture was favored by its geopolitical position. The civilizations around this location were easily accessible through water transport, fertile lands along the region encouraged the growth in population among different groups.   These groups exhibited diverse cultures that were highly advanced due to the exchange of ideas. The Greek-city states were at the center of this ‘information highway’ and their location provided excellent trading ports as many of them relied heavily on trade as their lands were not agriculturally productive especially in Athens, as opposed to many of their neighbors. This meant they travelled and interacted with many cultures spreading their culture and democratic ideas. Greek thought as distinct in Eastern philosophy The influence of diverse and advanced cultures in the Asian and North African civilization elevated the Greek culture to achieve a distinct flavor that gave it a life of its own as outlined Duiker Spielvogel, (2010) again outlines. The Greek culture of inquiry and reason in explaining things gave rise to Philosophers who achieved great status during Socrates era around 5th century BC. Socrates contributed a lot in the world of philosophy and democracy with his thoughts on ethics, government and law and investigating the nature of knowledge and how to gain it. Plato emerged also as a great philosopher under the studentship of Socrates and established his brand of philosophical thought. He brought to life the idea of a â€Å"spiritual† aspect of the world and began to interpret the things in this light. Aristotle also came with the idea of using senses primarily in the understanding of the world which was a conflicting thought from that of Plato, his mentor. Many more schools of thought trying to explain things in different disciplines emerged and with different perspectives but with inquiry and reason guiding them. During this time, Eastern and Western thought and culture came into collision as Greek military adventurism came into contact with the Eastern world and left a mark into each other while at the same time bringing out their fundamental differences. The primary among these differences is the Eastern philosophy of giving more power to the ruling class while the masses are seen as harmonized entity, and both functioning for the good of all. Western ideals propagated by Greek would lead to democratic systems leaning on individual liberties over â€Å"state† interests (Tarnas, 1991). Greek philosophy shaping on Christianity and Judaism Tarnas, (1991) says that both religions had a enormous philosophical influence from the Greek thought. Christianity became intertwined with Greek philosophy, which then spread to the Western civilizations, putting the finishing touch on the influence of Greek culture’s influence on the Western thought and culture. It is during the Renaissance period t around 1400s and the Enlightenment period in 1800s that the Dark Ages are finally over, and Greek philosophy advanced, democracy reinvented and scientific discoveries made among other things. The British Empire was at the helm of these two developments leading in democracy, technological development, which resulted in the industrial revolution, military prowess which is the pictures of the Roman Empire. USA which later emerged as the world power adopted the western philosophies of democracy as the preservation of individual freedoms for its citizens and Christian principles (Noble, 2008). Conclusion Greek thought and culture shaped the Western thinking on democracy and culture in general. The Greeks developed ideas on democratic values and institutions as a guide to distribution of power. They developed the idea of a government voted in and responsible to the governed, civil liberties and personal freedoms and the laid basis for the modern judicial system of trial by jury. The adoption of democratic ideals has varied across the world rendering it impossible to define what democracy is, its Greek origins can not be denied. The development of democracy can be traced in the history of Greece which is divided into three periods: Ancient Greece, Classical Greece and Hellenistic period. Much of the Greek thought and culture developed during the classical and Hellenistic periods with the rise of city-states, where citizens, that is, adult men, voted their representatives to the Council or Assembly that was answerable to them. Philosophers also emerged who emphasized on inquiry and reasoning to explain human nature and phenomena and laid the basis for modern democratic ideas. The geopolitical position of Greece coupled with trade as their main economic activity allowed them to spread their culture and ideas. The Greek philosophy emerged as distinct from the Eastern thought, which though they impacted on each other, had their most not able difference in the idea of democracy and this impacted on how it was adopted by the Western civilizations. Further, the Greek culture and thought was adopted by the Roman Empire which influenced the main Religions: Christianity and Judaism in Asia. Greek philosophy influenced Christianity and Christianity likewise and which spread to the Western world putting the final touches on the Western thought and culture. After the fall, of Roman Empire, the Western world, led by British Empire reinvented democracy and other aspects of the Greek culture. Reference List Duiker, W., Spielvogel, J. (2010). The essential world history, volume two: since  1500. USA: Cengage Learning. Gress, D. (1998). From Plato to NATO: the idea of the west and its opponents. USA:  Simon and Schuster. Noble, T. (2008). Western civilization: beyond boundaries. New York: Cengage  Learning. Spielvogel, J. (2010). Western civilization: a brief history. New York: Cengage Learning. Tarnas, R. (1991). The pas sion of the western mind: understanding the ideas that  have shaped our world view. New York: Harmony Books. 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Oreo Cookies Essays

Oreo Cookies Essays Oreo Cookies Paper Oreo Cookies Paper Oreo Cookie Products Nabisco is a company that has been in existents since 1898. During their 109 years in existence, they have grown through natural growth, mergers, and acquisitions. This has allowed Nabisco to be the leading snack maker in the world. Being the leading snack maker has allowed Nabisco to introduce a diverse selection of foods. However in recent years Nabisco has been reluctant to adapt to current market trends. The company was focusing on producing new versions of existing products to make them more convenient. However Nabisco was ignoring that other companies were creating similar products that were cheaper and also healthier products. Recently, Nabisco realized this trend and began creating healthier foods such as 100-calorie snack packs, low carb foods, and low fat foods. With these new products, Nabisco has been able to serve people that have chosen to adapt to a healthy eating life style. The new Fat Free OREO that Nabisco will be introducing next year will solidify Nabisco as a company that is willing to support those that have adopted that healthy eating life style. Nabisco is expecting the new Fat Free OREO to become one of the leading fat free snacks on the market. Nabisco hopes to expand to other fat free products like OREO piecrust, OREO ice cream cones, and snack size packages of Fat Free OREO for vending machines or individual purchases in 2009. Situation Analysis In 1898, The National Biscuit Company was formed in the US through the merger of several regional baking companies. In 1952, the now familiar red Nabisco triangle first appeared on the upper left corner of National Biscuit Company products. National Biscuit Company changed its name to Nabisco in 1971. In 1981, Nabisco, Inc. merged with Standard Brands (founded in 1929) to become Nabisco Brands. To expand their global presence and to strengthen their position in the fast-growing consumer snacks sector, Philip Morris Co. Inc. acquired Nabisco Holdings in December 2000. Philip Morris purchased Nabisco for $14. 9 billion in cash plus assumed $4 million in debt (Grant 243). Nabisco is the world’s largest manufacturer and marketer of cookies and crackers, based on retail sales. Eventually, Philip Morris integrated the Nabisco brands with its Kraft Food operations (Cookies 4). In March 2001, Philip Morris created a new holding company for the combined operations known as Kraft Foods Inc. (lacking the comma of the previous Kraft Foods, Inc). The previous Kraft Foods was renamed Kraft Foods North America (Grant 243). The people of Kraft have recognized that the business has an important role in society- a responsibility that included understanding and meeting the public’s expectations, helping to address important social, environmental and economic issues and making a difference in local communities and the world. They firmly believe that â€Å"Our success will depend importantly on our willingness and ability to listen, get feedback on what we’re doing from those both inside and outside Kraft and act responsibly on issues of important concern. † Beginning in the early 1990’s cookie sales began to slowly decline because consumer’s buying habits were shifting towards lower calorie. When more brands began making low fat products, then sales began to slowly increase again. By the early 2000s the low fat trend was out and the low carb trend was in. Therefore, cookie sales fell by 1. 9 percent. The low carb craze has diminished in the eyes of Americans. There are numerous diets that are setting the trend for the low fat craze. Among them are the South Beach Diet, Jenny Craig, and Weight Watchers. However, these diets do not ban but actually encourage the consumption of â€Å"good† fats. In order to gain back old consumers and attract new consumers, companies have had to develop a wide variety of products containing a low or no amount of fat. Numerous companies are creating low fat/no fat versions of their products and other companies are specializing primarily in low fat/no fat foods. When Nabisco introduced their fat free cookies to the market in 1995, US sales zoomed peaking at about $490 million. The turnout of the product’s sales will give other companies an insight on whether they should create a fat free cookie product. Objectives Nabisco has been very successful with its OREO products. Now is the time to become more competitive in other areas by becoming more attractive to potential customers. Nabisco now plans to focus on better-for-you-products with less marketing to children. Since the weight loss trend is targeting more awareness of fat intake, instead of low fat products, we are choosing to shift some of our weight towards the fat free market. The Fat Free OREO will help broaden our marketability in the cookie industry. Strengths Among Kraft Foods’ many strengths is its standing as the largest branded food and beverage company in North America and the second largest worldwide. Kraft Foods are found in more than 99 percent of all households (Company Overview 1). Nabisco is one of the seven Kraft brands that bring in more than $1 billion in revenues each year ($3. billion) (Grant 235). Nabisco is ranked as the top cookie maker, with $1,432,539,000 in sales for the year of 2006 (see appendix A). Nabisco has consistently been the leader in the industry, selling nine of the top twenty cookies worldwide, including OREO, the world’s largest selling cookie brand (for cookie sales, see Appendix B). One of Kraft’s most important strengths is the power of their brands. They work to grow these brands by: Focusing on fast growing sectors such as snacks, beverages, and convenient meals. Addressing consumer needs for health and wellness. Expanding their presence in faster growing distribution channels. Targeting fast growing demographics and economic segments. Focusing on fast growing sectors is the strength we will base our new product on. Kraft Foods will be introducing a new fat free OREO cookie. As we closely observed the shift in society’s eating habits, we realized that we needed to come up with a new product to accommodate those who do not purchase our products; those who are not currently purchasing our products. This may include consumers who abide by some kind of strict diet plan. Since the new recent health diet trend is low or no fat diets, we used the facts and statistics in the development of our new product, the Fat Free OREO. Our new product will contain 0 grams of fat per serving and 0 grams of sugar, because we are substituting sugar for the sweetener, Splenda Weaknesses While Nabisco is the top cookie maker, our sales have slowly declined the past few decades. An important reason for the declines in Nabisco’s cookie and cracker business is that during the 1980’s, Nabisco aggressively increased its price causing consumers to buy less (Cookies 2). Nabisco still holds the largest part of the business; however, private labels have begun to heavily cut into Nabisco’s market share. Our product will be made with more expensive ingredients as all healthy foods are, therefore, we will not be lowering the cost of our product which will be a weakness. The price of our new product will be a few cents higher than the price of the regular OREOs. While the original OREOs are priced around $3. 00 per package, the Fat Free OREO will be sold for $3. 15 per package. Another reason for the decline in sales is that we do not make products that serve the health conscious society. Nabisco has introduced several reduced fat products, but consumers more recently have become interested in low or no fat intake. Nabisco’s OREO cookies have a total of 7 grams of fat and 14 grams of sugar per serving (three cookies), while one of our competitors are marketing new cookies that have 4. 5 grams of fat and 5 grams of sugar per serving. We hope that developing this new product will raise our sales and reach the target audience we are aiming our marketing efforts towards. Also, since our competitor’s cookies only contain 4. 5 grams of fat, it will be essential to have less fat but still have a great taste. Financial Information It will cost Kraft Foods Inc. 10 million dollars to develop the formula for the Fat Free OREO. There is an increase cost of production of around seven cents per package compared to the traditional OREO. The majority of this difference is due to more expensive ingredients. We are estimating to charge an additional 15 cents per package, which will continue our current profit margin. All marketing costs will be taken from Kraft Foods total marketing budget, so that the marketing costs do not directly factor into the cost of production. Break Even Analysis With a cost of $3. 15 per package, Kraft Foods Inc. will continue on the same profit margin as the traditional OREO, which is double the cost of production. The cost of producing a package of Fat Free OREOs is approximately $1. 57 per package. By dividing $1. 57 into $10 million, Kraft Foods Inc. figures it will take approximately 6. 4 million packages to break even. Sales Forecast Kraft Foods Inc. is projecting first year sales to be around 5 million packages with most of those being sold in the second half of the year. The reason that Kraft Foods Inc. is expecting greater sales in the second half of the year is that once the product hits the shelves, it will take time for all the consumers to hear about the new product. They are expecting sales to increase in the second year by 2 million packages for a total of 7 million packages. The reason for the increase in sales is that by 2009, all stores should be carrying the Fat Free OREO and through our aggressive marketing campaign most people would have heard about the Fat Free Oreo and they will desire to buy the product. By the end of the first quarter of 2009, Kraft Foods Inc. forecasts that the Fat Free OREO would have sold enough packages to earn a profit. Work Cited â€Å"Strategies for Growth†. Kraft Foods Inc. http://164. 109. 16. 145/investors/strategies. html â€Å"Responsibility†. Kraft Foods Inc. kraft. com/responsibility/index. html â€Å"Company Overview†. Kraft Foods Inc. http://164. 109. 16. 145/investors/strategies. html

How to Style Compounds After the Noun

How to Style Compounds After the Noun How to Style Compounds After the Noun How to Style Compounds After the Noun By Mark Nichol Most but not all phrasal adjectives (two words that combine to modify a noun hence the alternate name, compound modifiers) are hyphenated, which is confusing enough though easily resolved: If a permanent compound is listed in the dictionary as open, no hyphen is necessary; otherwise, hyphenate. But that applies only before the noun. What happens after the noun is a whole other matter: Usually, phrasal adjectives and similar (or similar-looking) constructions are left open in that position. Here’s a rundown on hyphenation rules for various types of compounds: Categories Age compound: â€Å"The eighteen-year-old (boy),† but â€Å"He is eighteen years old.† Color compound: â€Å"The sky-blue paint,† but â€Å"The paint is sky blue.† Fraction compound: â€Å"A half-mile walk,† but â€Å"a walk of a half mile.† Number, spelled out: â€Å"Fifty-one,† â€Å"five hundred,† five hundred one,† â€Å"two thousand twenty-two.† (Hyphenate tens-ones figures in isolation and in larger figures, but leave open all other combinations of places.) Number plus noun: â€Å"A five-year plan,† but a plan that will take five years†; â€Å"a four-and-a-half-inch gap,† but â€Å"a gap of four and a half inches†; â€Å"the fourth-floor office,† but â€Å"an office on the fourth floor.† Number plus superlative: â€Å"The third-tallest player,† but â€Å"a player who is third tallest.† Time: â€Å"They’re going to the eight o’clock screening† and â€Å"The meeting starts at six (o’clock)†; â€Å"I have a five-thirty plane to catch,† but â€Å"I’ll meet you at five thirty† (always open when time is on the hour, and hyphenated before the noun but open after when time is between hours). Parts of Speech Adjectival phrase: â€Å"His matter-of-fact manner,† but â€Å"His manner was matter of fact.† Adjective plus noun: â€Å"A low-class joint,† but â€Å"The joint is low class.† Adjective identifying origin or location plus noun: â€Å"An Indo-European language† and â€Å"the French-Spanish border,† but â€Å"She is a Japanese American† and â€Å"the latest Middle East crisis† (open unless the first term is a prefix or there is a sense of a distinction between the elements). Adjective plus participle or adjective: â€Å"His long-suffering wife,† but â€Å"his wife is long suffering.† Adverb ending in -ly plus participle or adjective: â€Å"Her rapidly beating heart† (always open). Adverb not ending in -ly plus participle: â€Å"The little-read novel,† but â€Å"The novel is little read.† (See â€Å"More About Adverbs,† below.) Noun phrase: â€Å"A feather in your cap,† but â€Å"He’s a jack-of-all-trades† (open unless hyphenated in the dictionary). Noun plus adjective: â€Å"The family-friendly restaurant,† but â€Å"The restaurant is family friendly.† Noun plus gerund: â€Å"A note-taking lesson,† but â€Å"a lesson in note taking.† (But beware of closed noun-plus-gerund compounds like matchmaking.) Noun plus noun, the first one modifying the second: â€Å"A tenure-track position,† but â€Å"She’s on the tenure track.† (But leave permanent compounds like â€Å"income tax† open even before a noun, and check for closed noun-plus-noun compounds like bartender.) Noun plus noun, equivalent: City-state, nurse-practitioner (always hyphenated). Noun plus letter or number: â€Å"A size 34 waist,† â€Å"the type A personality† (never hyphenated). Noun plus participle: â€Å"A problem-solving exercise,† but â€Å"time for some problem solving.† Participle plus noun: â€Å"Working-class families,† but â€Å"members of the working class.† Participle plus prepositional adverb plus noun: â€Å"Turned-up nose,† but â€Å"Her nose was turned up.† More About Adverbs When less or more modifies an adjective, such as in â€Å"a less frequent occurrence†/â€Å"an occurrence that is less frequent† or â€Å"a more qualified candidate†/â€Å"a candidate who is more qualified,† the phrase is not hyphenated either before or after a noun. The same is true of least and most unless ambiguity is possible. For example, â€Å"a lesser-known rival† is a rival who is not as well known, but â€Å"a lesser known rival,† by contrast, might be a known rival of lesser consequence. Likewise, â€Å"the most-quoted orators† and â€Å"the most quoted orators† refer, respectively, to orators most frequently quoted and a majority of quoted orators. Again, however, the hyphenated version would be left open when it follows a noun, and would likely be worded differently than its counterpart that is not hyphenated before the noun, either. Also, when an adverb that is part of a modifying phrase is modified by another adverb, as in â€Å"a very much praised debut,† the phrase is not hyphenated at all, even though a hyphen would appear in â€Å"a much-praised debut.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Useful Stock Phrases for Your Business EmailsAwoken or Awakened?Particular vs. Specific