Rational Choice and Deterrence Theory

Rational Choice and Deterrence Theory Since Marchese Beccaria who, as one of the first mentioned that the real purpose of punishment is is no other than to prevent the criminal from doing further injury to society, and prevent others from committing the like offense (Baccaria 1764), many researchers as well as general community have begun to concentrate on the notion of personal choice when explaining what pushes offenders to commit crimes. Rational Choice Theory became one of the most popular concepts which support the deterrence philosophy. Although, the association between those two theories was welcomed by many, it also had its critiques and opponents. In this paper, I will explain how and to what degree, Rational Choice Theory supports the concept of deterrence. I will also discuss some of the contradictory theories and criminal behaviors that do not support Rational Choice Theory and state my opinion on consequences that this study may embrace on guilty mind concept which is, according to the criminal law, one of t he necessary elements of the crime. The concept of Rational Choice Theory is rooted in the analysis of human behavior that was established by Italian scholar named Marchese Beccaria. The main point of his examination describes the human being as a rational actor who calculates rationality using ends and means formula. According to Beccaria People (freely) choose all behavior, both conforming and deviant, based on their rational calculations, the central element of calculation involves a cost benefit analysis: Pleasure versus Pain, (Beccaria 1764). In his line of reasoning, Beccaria determined that in order to prevent the criminal or wrongdoing behavior, the form of punishment equivalent to the severity of crime committed should be implemented. The concept of punishing criminals in accordance to the crime they have committed in order not only to prevent the criminal from committing the similar act in the future(special deterrence), but also to warn the general public of the possible consequences of such behavior(general deterrence), became known as Deterrence Theory. In todays world of criminal justice, it is still seen as one of the most important aspect in the whole idea of punishment. Due to the failure of rehabilitative theories and major increase in crime rates in 1970s and 1980s, the concept of free, rational choice, based on the calculation of cost and benefits began to interest criminologist and researchers across the country. Examination of illegal decision making process began to be perceived as the key to understanding the real purpose of crime and what motivates it. During those years, Modern Rational Choice Theory emerged. Contemporary criminologist began to rely on the idea which claimed that threat of punishment tends to deter the individual from wrongdoing just as rewards tend to encourage pleasing behavior. Because of this new trend of thinking, many laws that increased mandatory sentences for numerous crimes, mainly those drug-related have been passed and executed. Did wide use of deterrence as the tool of discouraging people from committing crimes accomplished its initial goal? The answer is double sided. Violent crime rates began to indeed, drop i n mid-1990s as well as did drug offences. It was however, also due to changes in many other aspects like increase police recruitment across the country, good economic prosperity that discourages criminal behavior as well as change in mentality of people that had been subjects to violent behaviors. On the negative side, because of the fact that mandatory sentences for non-violent, drug related offences were increased significantly, the prison population also augmented significantly burdening the pockets of taxpayers. As this happened, more and more researchers began to criticize the method of punishment supported by Rational Choice Theory. Does fear of severe punishment really discourage criminals from committing crimes? Wasnt it only the philosophy of Rational Choice Theory of punishment that put the concept of deterrence in such an advantaged position in our criminal justice system and which still has such a massive impact on current crime control policy? Without any doubt, the strong connections between these two makes both theories stand out and seem very balanced and reasonable. However, as the frustration caused by some of the negative effects of their usage increased, contradictory theories began to emerge. Moreover, some criminal behaviors such as rapes and even in some cases, murders seem not to be positively affected by increased punishment as the form of deterrence for these crimes. Rational Choice Theory differs from many other criminal theories mainly because of its main principal that defines crime as a solely individual choice. The concept does not focus on other, crucial factors like individual traits, criminal associations and inner strains that may also play a huge role in pushing an individual to committing certain crimes. One of the most known models that oppose the Rational Choice Theory is Classical Theory introduced by Clarke and Cornish. Both authors agree that, while committing the crime, people are not perfectly rational and in some cases they are completely unreasonable. Moreover, they touch upon the costs and benefits of crime very broadly including only official and unperturbed permissions. According to their views, A range of factors influence and individuals estimates of costs and benefits of crime: self-control, moral beliefs, strains, emotional state, association with delinquent peers.(Clarke and Cornish, 1986). In addition, many researcher s have also found that the severity of punishment is far less important for potential criminal as oppose to certainty of that punishment. Some extreme opponents of Rational Choice Theory even believe that, People are not usually aware of certainty and severity of punishment for the area in which they live, therefore increasing certainty of punishment may reduce crime, but the effect will be short-lived and localized.(Class PPT). This opinion creates another argument which indeed questions and doubts the entire purpose of severe punishment as a successful method of deterrence and it is valid to a large extent. Besides the theoretical aspects that oppose the Rational Choice Theory, there are many practical ones that are against it as well. According to numerous scholars, individuals are much less likely to be affected by initial benefits of certain crime when they are intoxicated or mentally disturbed. Many people that commit crime are very low in self-control and often perceive the crime as simply not wrong. These individual however, are more likely to be discouraged from doing something illegal by the threat of punishment. Another study suggest that, the more severe the punishment is for a certain crime, the less likely it is for jury to execute a specific sentence; therefore it seems that as severity of the crime increases, certainty of harsh sentence decreases. If one would want to push the rational choice model to its extent, he or she may even argue that more severe and direct the punishment for the crime is in combination with negative experiences with law enforcement may actually increase the likelihood of subsequent crime. In todays world, where the access to illegal substances and alcohol is still fairly easy and domestic violent rates are still high, one could assume, without a big doubt, that offenders often commit crimes on an impulse, while intoxicated or under some emotional or mental pressure caused by, for example bad financial situation or difficult, inner family condition. What many call crime overload is certainly another problem. As crime rates increase, police forces are strained and the certainty of possible arrest decreases. As crime rates decline, police activity usually strengthens and certainty of arrest increases. The fundamental apparatus is what should be examined here. Does certainty of possible arrest daunts individual from committing a crime or does the small level of crime increase certainty? According to researchers like Marcus Felson, Stephan Pfohl and Alan Liska, some crimes and deviant behaviors, especially those considered capital offences like murder or rape with additional bodily harm are not affected by more severe punishment. The above mentioned scholars argue that capital punishment shows that anticipated, overall deterrent effect may not be present. As Pfohl claims, There appears to be little, if any, difference in rates of capital offenses between states which impose the death penalty and those that do not. In fact, an inverse correlation has been documented; when states abolish the death penalty a corresponding drop in capital crimes is reported (Pfohl, , 1994). Finally, issue regarding the effectiveness of deterrent policies and particularly the suitability of incapacitation and revenge bring up moral and official worries. How far do we really want to go in punishing criminals? Is incapacitation the most concrete use of common capitals? Looking at the widesp read understanding among criminologists that considers aging out as one of the most important elements of crime process, increasing mandatory sentences for all crimes that are believed to have been committed by perfectly rational individuals who have accurately weighted out all the costs and benefits of the crime they wished to commit, the incapacitation alone seems merely impractical. Without proper rehabilitation these individuals are very likely to commit these crimes again in the future. Great example of the modern use of punishment in accordance with Rational Choice Theory is present in the files from Atkins vs. Virginia Court Case that took place in the year 2000. Despite the fact that Atkins was diagnosed as mildly-retarded with a full IQ of 59, he was sentenced to death for committing crimes of armed robbery and murder. The case was particularly controversial because many believed that under 8th amendment which prohibits Cruel Punishment, Atkins shouldnt be sentenced to death but rather to long imprisonment. After the verdict was released, many scholars, lawyers and policy makers began to ask themselves what is the real role of 8th amendment after all? It seemed as in our country, pressure of public opinion and swiftness of prosecutors may push some cases above the supreme law of our land. I believe that the criminal research that evaluates the deterrence with the connection to the Rational Choice Theory may hold many consequences for one of the most important and valued standards in criminal law-mens rea, or in other words guilty mind. The main concept of guilty mind standard requires that a person cannot be convicted of a crime unless that person intended to commit that crime. Unfortunately, when looking at the case described above, I am wretched to admit that mens rea isnt always executed and respected. The study assessed in this paper, proves that a big portion of all crimes is committed by individuals that arent fully aware of their actions, as in the case when they are intoxicated or under tremendous mental strain. Moreover, many mentally disturbed and/or retarded criminals, even though conscious about the fact that they are taking part in criminal act, are often influenced by others who are often brains of entire process of wrongdoing. Atkins involvement in the murder for which he was sentenced to death is a great example of such situation. The measure of someones guilt is perhaps the most important factor in determining the appropriate sentence for crime that has been committed. How do we measure someones guilt? It is the moment that the principal of mens rea comes into play. Mens rea represents the amount of intend that an individual had while committing his offence. If we took Rational Choice Theory and traditional Mens rea concept and combine them together, we would get one of the most sophisticated and perfectly formulated theories that deal with understanding of criminal behavior. It could be written as follows, Since the criminal is a perfectly rational human being who, while committing the crime is fully aware of what he/she is doing and decides that benefits that will come from the crime outweigh the costs associated with punishment for this crime, than this person is guilty without the smallest doubt, intend is 100% in all the cases. As much as I would wish this theory was correct, it only reflects a utopian d ream in which all crimes and consequential punishments for them are perfectly clear and comprehensible. Reality however, is totally different and much more complex. To understand the importance of theories such as Rational Choice Theory one must often think outside the box. While the theory itself is quiet practical and compelling, without taking into consideration other aspects of crime and criminal behavior mentioned earlier in this paper, it becomes completely useless and invalid. It is because of the principal of mens rea that we need so many people in our courtrooms today, beginning with prosecutors, judges and jury, ending with psychologist, forensic scientists and psychiatrists in order to solve cases, especially those that involve murder. It is often very difficult to measure someones guilt and intend to commit such offence as murder looking solely on the crime itself and basing the explanation for it on Rational Choice Theory. Concurring with other critiques of the Rational Choice Theory I believe that the theory alone is quite misleading and all those who support it fully should consider studying it with comparison to mens rea or compare it to other counter theories like Classical Theory. If we want to respect principals of our criminal law which mens rea is a great example of, we should definitely stop the ongoing process of generalization and simplification of our legal norms and standards and apply and more ethical and just standards of practicing la w in our courtrooms.

Human Interaction in the Sahara Desert Essay

Human Interactions Over the past years the Sahara desert has changed as a result of human interactions. Such as tourism, mining for oil, military testings, nuclear bombings and pollution. Deserti? cation is one of the many negative human interactions in the Sahara Desert. Deserti? cation is caused by climatic changes, over-grazing, deforestation for fuel or materials, droughts and ploughing the land for agriculture, these all led to the soil eroding away leaving the unprotected layer drying out in the sun making it unsuitable for vegetation to grow. Some effects of deserti? ation are endangered species, poverty and starvation of the communities that live there, these all occur due to lack of vegetation and limited amounts of water. †¢ Tribes such as the Tuareg and Bedouin Tribes live in the Sahara Desert and herd cattle. †¢ People using the Sahara Desert’s sand to make houses. Human Impact on the Sahara Desert The human impacts are things like oil rigs, oversizing cattle, and military training. These things are negative impacts. Things we could do to stop this is close down the oil rigs, move military training camps, and just not have as much cattle. The event is protest the oil rigs, transport cattle, and create new training camps. Human Interaction Tribes of the Desert/People who make it their home enforce the positives of a conservative cohabitation with the environment. The tribes, Tuareg and the Bedouin coexist with the beautiful sandy land. Instead of building houses with bricks and metal, they use the surrounding materials like sand, wood, straw etc. to build their houses. They conserve the land and try not to interfere with the land. The local tribes, Tuareg and the Bedouin conserve the land and try not to interfere with it, using surrounding materials to build their homes Negative Human Interaction Agriculture has become a great issue in the Sahara Desert. Prior to: †¢ irrigation farming and commercial cattle grazing †¢ the removal of the topsoil Resulting in: †¢ the ground not being suitable for vegetation to grow †¢ animal species are decreasing due to their homes being destructed †¢ less water and food sources for the animals and local communities. Nuclear tests, oil re? ing, power houses and solar energy are a great threat to the Sahara Desert. †¢ Military purposed bombings have bombed up vast areas of the plain Desert Resulting in: †¢ the top layer of the soil to be destroyed †¢ less areas in the Desert for the ? ora and fauna to co-exist peacefully. Nowadays a lot of tourists like to travel the world, especially to visit the Deserts †¢ camping, †¢ hiking, à ¢â‚¬ ¢ camel riding †¢ photography purposes. These all effect the ecosystem in the desert. What can we do to prevent it. We as humans have the power to stop this all from happening. When we travel to the Sahara Desert we can admire the beauty of the nature around us and not pollute so much. We can stop the nuclear bomb testings, or at least limit them so that we only test once every second decade. We can stop commercial agriculture in the desert and try to preserve the rich soil so grass and produce can grow for the animals in the desert. We can limit the camping ground areas, so that there are less spaces available for the campers to stay. We can educate younger people living in the desert who live in poverty and are not limited. Population and tourism control

Climate Change And Agriculture On Indi Impacts And...

CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE IN INDIA: IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION FOR SUSTAINABLE FUTURE Anupam Kumar Singh Department of African Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi (India). 1. Introduction India with its area of 3.28 million sq. km accounts for 2.4% of the world’s land surface area and stands as the seventh largest country in the world. India is second most populous country in the world with above 1.3 billion which containing 17.5% of world population. The size and population of India has endowed her with excessive physical as well as economic diversity. More than 50% of rural population in India depend upon agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. Agriculture, along with fisheries and forestry, contributes 16.11 % to the Indian Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Therefore India has concern about climate change issues because of its large population who depends upon climate sensitive activity like agriculture for their livelihood, water storage in the Himalayan glaciers which are the source of major rivers and groundwater recharge. Possible changes in temperature, precipitation and CO2 concentration are expected to significantly impact crop growth and agricultural productivity. 2. Objectives and Methodology This paper provides a synthesis of available information, consider major knowledge gaps and find research that useful for farmers, communities, indigenous peoples and academics. Secondly, promotes awareness of climate change andShow MoreRelatedHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pages To ease employee and managerial anxieties about the changes, GE Fanuc promised that no employees would lose their jobs. Managers and supervisors affected by the elimination of levels were offered promotions, transfers to other jobs in GE Fanuc, or early retirement buyouts. Additionally, employees were promised profit sharing, which has resulted in up to three weeks additional pay in profit sharing bonuses in some years. The test of the change is in the results. GE Fanuc’s revenue is up women employees

Characteristics of Successful Salespeople - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1138 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Short Paper: Characteristics of Successful Salespeople 1.The willingness to learn is an important trait that lead to success (Richmond, 2012). Academic background is not enough to support the job in sales, the salesperson also has to know about the products or services information, skills in persuading or even negotiating (Johlke, 2006; Richmond, 2012). When the negotiation was made to provide both buyer and seller benefits, it created a business and also trust in buyer (Johlke, 2016). In my experience, I was taught to use cash register to help the cashier while taking turn for break. The willingness to learn enhances the customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ shopping experience as the customers do not need to spend too much time in waiting for payments. Besides, being kind is also important (Flanagan, Malgady, Grehan, 2011). The willingness to help creates a good relationship between the salesperson and customers (Boles, Barksdale, Johnson, 1997). Besides, it brings repeat business to the salesperson (Boles et al., 1997). Assisting the cus tomers can also help reducing their stress in some circumstances. In my experience, there was an old woman who lingering around the area where I worked at. After listening to her patiently, the old woman was being told and brought to the announcement area to find her old partner. The old woman showed a relief face with a smile after the incident. Furthermore, it helped to create a good image of the company in customers. Listening skills are the strength for people to form a relationship or connection of ideas with others (Richmond, 2012). Listening is the very first step to the success of selling (Comer Drollinger, 2013; Johlke, 2006). The consumers like to see head nods and eye contacts from salesperson to assure their requirements or problems told is clear (Comer Drollinger). As listening only requires 30% of brain usage, the other portions can be used to think of a solution to the problem (Richmond, 2012). After listening, the salesperson got to know the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã ¢â€ž ¢s problems or requirements. Hence, the salesperson could recommend the products that gives the required functions (Comer Drollinger, 2013). There was once a consumer who asking for fictions while I was arranging books. I stopped and listened to his request. In between, I used the time to figure out the fictions area. However, a bad listening skill can affect the relationship between the buyer and the seller because the solution given by the salesperson does not meet customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s requirement (Comer Drollinger, 2013). Hence, listening to the person patiently can also give the salesperson some time to think of the solutions (Leonard, n.d.). 2.Neuroticism is a fundamental trait that represents the degree of an individual perceiving negative emotions like stress, worries and fear (Flanagan, Malgady, Grehan, 2011; Richmond, 2012). According to Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor Paunonen (2007), neurotic people have higher levels of anxiety when they have fear in them (a s cited in Flanagan, Malgady, Grehan, 2011). While worrying if the sales quotas do not hit the target, the way the salesperson acts or talks can affect the consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ feelings adversely. Besides, worrying whether the prospect will reject the salespersonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s suggestion will not help the situation. Furthermore, it affects the passion of selling. Hence, the salespeople are advised to prepare to listen à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“noà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  from the prospect customers (Johlke, 2006). To improve myself in handling stress, worries and fear, I plan to write diaries which can help to release my stress and worries in a while. I will also buy more self-help books from different authors that can give me different insights in handling the negative thoughts. Being considerate is also important to ask for an order, a right question, and so to relate to wide range of people (Johlke, 2006; Richmond, 2012). When the salesperson knows how to relate the customers to a pr oduct or service, it will help the customers to identify that the products or services are actually needed in their life (Mallard, Dean, College, n.d.; Richmond, 2012). When someone can relate to wide range of people, it creates the perception of this person and builds interests in the listeners (Richmond, 2012). Both of the listener and speaker share the same opinions and facts throughout the conversations. When they agree on each other, it creates the foundation of trusts (Richmond, 2012). In my experience, there was a customer requested for extra plastic bags to protect the goods. However, I did not think of the use of double plastic bags. The goods packed using the first plastic bag is being placed upside down in the second plastic bag. Luckily, the process was being corrected by the customers. To improve myself to think critically, I will need to read more articles, blog posts or elements that can improve my knowledge and so I can understand how they think. Furthermore, I will be placing myself in others positions to feel them and find out what the consumers need the most. Besides, being conscientiousness is also important because it related to self-control and determination (Flanagan, Malgady, Grehan, 2011; Richmond, 2012). The one who has this personality trait is organized, hardworking, and to determine to achieve what he or she wants. I started to get exhausted when the crowds are getting bigger. According to Kemp, Borders Ricks (2013), salespeople can get exhausted when there are supports from sales manager. When the determination is not that strong, it will make the salesperson to feel exhausted, lazy or even bored. To improve this, the advantages and the benefits that contribute to future achievements should always be reminded. Hence, the motto will be pasted at the place that is always visible. References Boles, J. S., Barksdale, H.C. Johnson, J. T. (1997). Business relationships: An examination of the effects of buyer-salesperson relationships on customer retention and willingness to refer and recommend. Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, 12(3/4), 253 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 264. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/08858629710188072 Comer, L. B. Drollinger, T. (2013). Salespersons listening ability as an antecedent to relationship selling. Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, 28(1), 50 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 59. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/08858621311285714 Grehan, P. M., Flanagan, R., Malgady, R. G. (2011). Successful graduate students: The roles of personality traits and emotional intelligence. Psychology In The Schools, 48(4), 317- 331. doi:10.1002/pits.20556 Johlke, M. C. (2006). Sales presentation skills and salesperson job performance. Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, 21(5), 311 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 319. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/08858620610681614 Kemp, E., Borders, A. L. Ricks, J. M. (2013). Sales manager support: fos tering emotional health in salespeople,European Journal of Marketing, 47 (3/4), 635 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 654. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090561311297508 Leonard, I. (n.d.). The art of effective questioning: Asking the right question for desired result. Retrieved from www.coachingforchange.com/pub10.html Mallard, K. S., Dean, A. College. G. (n.d.). Asking the right questions at the right time: A key role for effective academic leaders. Retrieved from https://www.uu.edu/centers/faculty/resources/article.cfm?ArticleID=231 Richmond, K. (2012).The Power of Selling. [Flatworld Knowledge Inc.] Availablefrom https://bookstore.mbsdirect.net/snhu.htm Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Characteristics of Successful Salespeople" essay for you Create order

Evaluation Of The Imf s Surveillance And Lending Work

The IMF helps its members to design economic policies and manage their financial personal matters more effectively by strengthening their homo and institutional capacity through technical help and training. Technical foul assistance helps countries develop more effective institutions, legal framework, and policies to promote economic stableness and inclusive growth. Training through practical policy-oriented courses, hands-on workshops, and seminars strengthens functionary’ capacity to analyze economic developments and formulate and implement effective policies Technical assistance and breeding which together the IMF calls capacity development are important benefits of IMF membership. Construction human being and institutional capacity within a country helps the government implement more effective insurance, leading to better economic outcomes. The IMF’s surveillance and lending work often helps identify expanse in which technical assistance and training can have the biggest shock. The IMF provides technical assistance in its areas of core expertise: macroeconomic insurance policy , tax policy and revenue administration, expenditure management, monetary policy, the commutation rate system , financial sector stability, legislative frameworks, and macroeconomic and financial Synonyms. The IMF relies on independent external and internal evaluations to assess the effectiveness of its technical assistance and training. MF surveillance is IMF oversees the International monetaryShow MoreRelatedCredit Risk Management and Profitability of Commercial Banks in Kenya14066 Words   |  57 Pagesdefined. 3.5 Relationship Between Profits, Amount of Credit and Nonperforming Loans ................2Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.6 The Regression M odel .......................................................... 2Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.0 S UMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUS IONS ............ Error! Bookmark not defined. REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................27 ii 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BackgroundRead MoreCamel Rating in Banking12128 Words   |  49 PagesThe paper further discusses the current financial crisis and the banking supervisory tool in Europe by an indepth interview with a banker. Keywords: Number of pages: Language: Date of acceptance: banking supervision, on-site examination, off-site surveillance, the CAMEL rating system, AIA Vietnam 43 pages English Table of Contents FOREWORD .................................................................................................................. 7 1 INTRODUCTION ........................Read MoreAnti-Money Laundering Mantas Solutions7570 Words   |  31 Pagesmid-1990s, the Mantas team began work as a business unit of SRA International, Inc. Focusing from the start on meeting the needs of the global financial services industry the first Mantas products addressed trading compliance and best execution for the National Association of Securities Dealers(NASD) and Merrill Lynch. Today, both systems remain in operation with the NASD Advanced Detection System monitoring every trade that goes through the NASDAQ and Merrill Lynch s BEAMS helping that firm lead theRead MoreDiscuss the Importance of Non Verbal Communication to Education24125 Words   |  97 Pagespeople to overcome poverty * Rural Poverty Portal * Contact us * Employment scam * Site map * Copyright * Subscribe * What s new * Accessibility ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Search Bottom of Form * Home * About * Operations * Development effectiveness * Evaluation * From the field * Partners * Topics * Newsroom * Events * Documents amp; publications * Photos * Videos * Jobs Read MoreFactors Affect Profitability26818 Words   |  108 Pagesforward my sincere thanks and appreciation to my advisor Wollela Abehodie Yesegat (PhD) for her heartfelt exertion, fruitful support, encouragement and guidance in bringing the thesis work to reality. Then my heartfelt gratitude goes to Addis Ababa University for the financial support provided to me during my thesis work through the Department of Accounting and Finance. Moreover, I am thankful to my employer Haramaya University for the sponsorship and financial supports. My special appreciation

Is racism still in football Free Essays

string(65) " what it is leading to as it did me the first time I watched it\." A lot of people would argue that racism is still around, no matter how much we try to kick it out and especially in Football. Kick it out is a campaign designated purely to stamp out racism in Football. It works throughout the football, educational and community sectors to challenge discrimination and encourage inclusive practices and work for positive change. We will write a custom essay sample on Is racism still in football? or any similar topic only for you Order Now However after recent events going back a few years racism is still a main part of the football world although most people try to hide the fact that this is happening a lot of others are disappointed and frustrated that this still goes on. â€Å"To any governing body that turns a blind eye, I want to tell you that your attitude only magnifies the fact you are out of touch with the modern game† a strong statement made by Sepp Blatter president of FIFA (The International Federation of Association Football) to suggest that people must speak up, otherwise this problem may never be solved. On speaking about recent events that have caught eye of the public audience’s I’m going to speak on two talented footballers who are generally known around the world; Luis Suarez Captain of Uruguay and an extremely talented footballer who wears the number 7 jersey for Liverpool FC and John Terry, previous England captain and captain for Chelsea FC, both have been in the limelight regarding racial allegations. After being found guilty for misconduct regarding using insulting and potentially racist words towards Patrice Evra of Manchester United, Luis Suarez was banned for eight games and fined ?40,000. The allegations on October 15th during a fixture between Liverpool and Manchester United, during which Evra claimed that Suarez racially abused him â€Å"more than 10 times† (Guardian, 2011) Recently, incidents of racism have been blown out of proportion. Main man for Chelsea and England leader John Terry has been in the public eye following an occurrence that took place December of 2011 between himself and Anton Ferdinand, brother of England’s Rio Ferdinand. John Terry has been accused of racial abuse and has been found guilty on the 27th of July 2012. â€Å"The verdict released by the FA said: â€Å"The Football Association charged Mr Terry on Friday 27 July 2012 with using abusive and/or insulting words and/or behaviour towards Queens Park Rangers’ Anton Ferdinand and which included a reference to colour and/or race contrary to FA Rule E3 [2] in relation to the Queens Park Rangers FC versus Chelsea FC fixture at Loftus Road on 23 October 2011. (BBC Sport, September, 2012) Sky Sports are one of the most sports oriented television channels in the UK and I will be assigning my media interest about how they reflect on the racism in the football world, more so in the United Kingdom. For my second week I had to identify, justify and develop an answerable research question Because I decided to focus my media interest on how sky sports deal with the issue that has affected a lot of people in football, this issue being racism, itâ€⠄¢s no surprise that my research question will be of the same topic. To begin with I had to do some research to see if the question I’m asking would be suitable and answered by the right audience. However before I reached that stage I needed to find the correct people I’m aiming this question to. So I went and rushed to the nearest shopping centre and asked a lot of local men, there ages ranging 18-24. 17 out of 20 young males identified themselves as regular Football viewers and also check Sky Sports to catch up on the latest. Research Question: How do Sky Sports report racism in Football? Object of Study: In this subject I will be discussing how exactly Sky Sports report the racism that has been going on in recent events going back a few months to the Euro Cup where football players stated ‘if someone throws a banana at me I will go to jail, because I will kill them’ (Mario Balotelli, Sky Sports news) Sky Sports, like any other News Industry contain a lot of facts and gossip. In order to get information from my ‘object of study’ I have decided that I would visit Birmingham City Football club and speak to two young men who play for the clubs reserve squad, I asked them How Sky Sports reports racism and how the audience may respond to them? 8 year old Nathan told me that he had gone through some racial abuse early on in his career ‘I would never get picked for teams, players would never pass me the ball and most likely hear some racial abuse from fans but I believe it made me a better player now’ and 19 year old Jermain told me ‘whether Sky S ports sponge the racism issue these days to get more viewers or not, at least there putting the issue out there more so everybody can see what goes on. However I still needed to ground my question and make it more local, I could only come to a conclusion and make it based more in the UK, ‘How do Sky Sports report football racism in the UK?. Sky Sports covers most of England NI and Wales this could already suggest that all there reports covers only the United Kingdom. In my third week, for my third assignment I’ve had to amend my question and look at something that in my eyes had all the possible attributes to fit that week’s task. I have decided to use the new Guinness advert to show how rhetorical and also semiological analysis are both being used. Directed by Peter Thwaites from Gorgeous, the film was shot on location in South Africa in both Johannesburg and along the Durban coastline. The advert conveys the metaphor amazing things can happen when we challenge ourselves. (Creative report, 2012) The advert in the viewer’s judgments if never seen before can leave them guessing what it is leading to as it did me the first time I watched it. You read "Is racism still in football?" in category "Papers" However, I looked back at it a few times and came across a number of key factors that actually do make sense and can relate to the pint of Guinness they are so discreetly advertising. ‘A cloud came from the sea’ the idea here, this could suggest, is that the cloud represents the typical Guinness drinker – someone who has broken away from the masses to find their own path. In a way using a cloud to represent liquid refreshment is very clever and in its own way. â€Å"The cloud came from the sea. He was not like other clouds. The wind could not come on him. The more he saw, the more he did. And the more he did, the more he became. You see he wasn’t just a cloud. He was a cloud made of more† the dialogue is very intriguing and it’s what draws us closer to the advertisement. As the film progresses, the cloud engages with people, places and objects below, seeing itself reflected in a mirrored skyscraper, darkening as it approaches the scene of a fierce industrial fire before the dramatic climax. The cloud then gently drifts back, ocean-bound, and gradually merges into a swirling pint of Guinness, before resolving with the new pint; Guinness. Made of More. Speaking more about the fire scene, in actual essence the cloud does represent a lot more. I believe that the fire represents a man’s rage and the cloud puts out the fire suggesting that if you have a pint of Guinness you’ll be relaxed and cooler. After reviewing this advert I’ve come to a conclusion, it’s just a major metaphor to show the amazing things that can happen when we challenge ourselves to make the most of who we are. Do we settle for the way things are or do we take the bold choice to step up and be made of more? Do we settle for an ordinary drink or do we choose one that is made of more? † Now for my fourth week I decided to focus my task on a new topic, purely because I needed a diverse audience there’s not much diversity in Football between Male and Females. How do audiences get entertainment from watching music videos on YouTube? YouTube provides a venue for sharing videos among friends and family as well as a showcase for new and experienced videographers. Featuring videos it considers entertaining, YouTube has become a destination for ambitious videographers, as well as amateurs who fancy making a statement of some kind. In addition, YouTube emerged as a major venue for excerpts from political speeches (PC Magazine) To find out a suitable answer for my question I had to obviously ask some people and see what their response on the subject is. The 3 people I decided to interview were: 21 year old musician Jamal, 23 year old Producer Michael and 19 year old dancer Emma. All of these people where happy for me to ask them anything as long as it suited the subject. Jamal told me he watched YouTube at least three times a day just too see if he can find inspiration and sometimes check out the competition. ‘YouTube is a massive platform for everybody to show off their skills, I have to see what everyone is bringing to the table to know what kind of stuff I want to bring out, and sometimes find some inspiration’. Michael however wasn’t so bitter and loves watching other musicians and producers on YouTube. ‘I love YouTube, I love everything about it. It’s like travelling the world to see what talents others have but you can do it all in your room if you know what I mean. I watch YouTube every night, sometimes because I’m bored but most of the time for entertainments, it’s like how can anybody get bored of YouTube’. I asked him if he’s ever uploaded anything on YouTube and how that’s affected him ‘Yes, I upload my beats and samples and most of the times I get people messaging me and asking me to make them an instrumental, so it does take most of my time’. To conclude my interview I went over to speak to 19 year old dancer Emma, she told me that if it had not been for YouTube maybe she would have been a nurse. I was studying health and social care in secondary school till I got all obsessed with dancing, so literally every night after school id rush home to watch some magnificent dancers on YouTube. It was like a form of relaxation, I loved it, there were some nights I wouldn’t sleep id just be up all night watching amazing dancers. This was the main factor which made me change my mind in becoming a dancer. As far as entertainment goes, I believe YouTube is the main entertainment site to date for anyone. McQuail – ‘duality of audiences’ is largely used when I was interviewing each one of these people because it gave them sense of equality the way they so passionately spoke about the subject. By reading Stuarts Halls encoding and decoding essay ive come to realise that The terms encoding and decoding are often used in reference to the processes of analog-to-digital conversion and digital-to-analog conversion. In this sense, these terms can apply to any form of data, including text, images, audio, video, multimedia, computer programs, or signals in sensors, telemetry, and control systems. Encoding should not be confused with encryption, a process in which data is deliberately altered so as to conceal its content. Encryption can be done without changing the particular code that the content is in, and encoding can be done without deliberately concealing the content. (Search network, encoding decoding, Stuart Hall) Hall himself referred to several ‘linked but distinctive moments – production, circulation, distribution/consumption, reproduction’ (Hall 1980, 128) How to cite Is racism still in football?, Papers

Exergonic Essay Example For Students

Exergonic Essay ReactionsExplain what is meant by coupled reactions and describe how exergonicreactions can be used to push or pull endergonic reactions in order to get themto proceed. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid, and thereare nine intermeddaite products formed, and each one catalyzed by anenzyme.Glycolysis has two key functions: It generate some ATP from the freeenergy available from the rearrangement of the atoms in monosacharides(particularly glucose). It also partially breaks down glucose and provides astarting point for the complete oxidation of glucose by another pathway tocarbon dioxide and water with the generation of much ATP. Glycolysis is aperfect example of a coupled reaction, involving exergonic and energonicreactions.Exergonic reactions release energy?the bond energy of the product orproducts is lower than that of the reactants. Endergonic reactions requireenergy input?the energy of the products is higher than that of the reactants. An exergonic reaction can drive endergonic ( for food breakdowns and movement) this is how they perfrom coupled reactions. ndergonic is when chemical reactionswith a negative standard free energy change. These reactions dont proceedspontaneously in the direction concentartions of all reactants and products. Since the sign of a standrad free-energy change is negative, the conversion ofglucose 1-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate is an exergonic process. An initialreaction for glycolysis ( a molecule of ATP donates its phosphate group to theglucose): Coupled reaction occurs in glycolysis when it tries to convert ( forexample) glucose-6-phosphate into a nearly identical compoundfructose-6-phosphate: The positive G shows that it is an uphill,endergonic reaction, one that couldnt have happend spontaneously.This wasbecause the coupled reaction ( they shared a common intermeddiate molecule),glucose-6-phsphate, the product of step 1 and the reactant of step 2 canproceed as a single reaction. The -4.0 kcal/mole broken down in step 1 iscombined with the +0.4 kcal/mole taken in by step 2 to yield a net percentchange of -3.6 kcal/mole. These two together, are strongly exergonic so thereaction proceeds. The glycolytic pathway is an arrangement of these kinds ofcoupled reactions, where exergonic step s push or pull endergonic steps, with thefavorable net free energy change of the steps taken together, allowing theseries of reactions to go on.